Introduction

Over the past decade, gene delivery systems have been increasingly used to study and control gene expression (1). There are two main types of transfection strategies based on the use of non-viral (chemical and physical) and viral transfection agents. The term


transfection refers to the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells used notably for non-viral methods. Chemical methods include the use of cationic liposomes (lipoplex), polymers (polyplex), combinations of the two (lipopolyplex), calcium phosphate, and DEAE dextran. In almost all of these chemical methods, the reagents promote transfection by complexing with the DNA to neutralize the charge, condensing the DNA, mediating interaction and attachment to the cell membrane, and promoting entry into the cell, typically via endocytosis and subsequent endosomal escape (2).
In addition to the chemical methods, a number of physical methods exist that promote the direct entry of uncomplexed DNA into the cell. These methods can include microinjection of individual cells, hydroporation, electroporation, ultrasound, and biolistic delivery (i.e., the gene gun) (2, 3). Nucleic acid transfection has provided useful tools to study up-regulation or down-regulation of gene expression and transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of various genes and gene products (2, 4, 5). Furthermore, the most interesting clinical use of DNA transfection is gene therapy which has brought new hope for treatment of several diseases like cystic fibrosis (6 - 8).
One of the potential applications of these methods is monoclonal antibody (MAb) production. In this regard, mouse immunization with murine cell lines stably transfected with genes coding for xenogenic target molecules would focus the mouse B cell response on the transfected molecules leaving the self molecules of the mouse myeloma cells unrecognized. This procedure overcomes the difficulty of purification and isolation of cellular target proteins used for immunization. Since myeloma cell lines are commonly used as syngenic cell types for fusion with mouse splenocytes for establishment of hybridomas, the same cell lines are suitable tools for delivery and presentation of target genes to the immune system of immunized mice.
To our knowledge, no detailed reports have so far been published regarding lipoplex and polyplex-mediated transfection of DNA into different myeloma cell lines. In this study we employed the EGFP expression system to compare the efficiency of three different gene transfection reagents (lipoplex and polyplex) in five commonly used mouse myeloma cell lines.

Materials and Methods

Cell lines
Mouse myeloma cell lines (SP2/0-Ag14 [SP2/0], NS0, NS1, P3X63Ag8.653 [Ag8], and P3U1) (National Cell Bank of Iran, Tehran, Iran) and HEK293-FT (Invitrogen, CA, USA) were cultivated in RPMI-1640 (Gibco, Invitrogen, USA) culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Biochrom AG, Berlin, Germany), penicillin (100 U/ml) (ICN Biomedicals, Ohio, USA) and streptomycin (100 µg/ml) (Sigma, St Louis, USA). All cell lines were cultured at 37 °C in a humidified incubator supplied with 5% CO2 atmosphere.

Plasmid preparation
The competent Escherichia coli (E. coli) JM109 (Promega, Wisconsin, USA) was transformed by pEGFP-N1 vector (Clontech, Palo Alto, USA) according to standard protocol. Briefly, 100 ng of the pEGFP-N1 was added to 50 µl of competent cells and kept for 25 min on ice. Then the mixture was incubated for 70 sec at 42 °C and moved immediately on ice for 2 min. In the following step, 200 µl LB medium was added to transformed cells and incubated at 37 °C for 1 hr. The transformed bacteria were selected on LB-kanamycin agar plate. The pEGFP-N1 vector was purified from cultured transformed bacteria using plasmid purification Maxi kit (QIAGEN, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The purified vector was visualized by ethidium bromide agarose gel electrophoresis using 1% gel.

Cell transfection
The expression vector pEGFP-N1 encoding Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) was used for evaluating transfection efficiency of the murine cell lines. Three commercialized transfection reagents, Lipofectamine2000 (lipoplex) (Invitrogen, CA, USA), jetPEI (polyplex) (Polyplus, Paris, France) and LyoVec (lipoplex) (Invivogen, CA, USA) were used to transfect the cell lines based on the manufacturers’ recommendation. Briefly, 2 µl of Lipofectamine2000 and 2 µg of pEGFP-N1 were diluted separately in 50 µl of Opti-MEM reduced serum medium (Invivogen, CA, USA) and mixed gently. After 5 min incubation at room temperature, the Lipofectamine2000 and pEGFP-N1 were combined and incubated for an additional 25 min at room temperature to allow the DNA-Lipofectamine2000 complexes to form. The complexes were added to cells grown in Opti-MEM medium without serum and antibiotic. After 6 hr the medium was replaced with RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.
Four µl of jetPEI and 2 µg of pEGFP-N1 (N/P=5) were diluted with 50 µl of 150 mM NaCl. The DNA solution was then added to the jetPEI solution, and after 20 min incubation at room temperature, 100 µl of the complexes were added to cells grown in serum containing medium.
Two µg of pEGFP-N1 was mixed with
100 µl of LyoVec and incubated at room temperature for 15 - 30 min to allow the formation of the complex. Subsequently 25 µl of the complex was added to cells grown in serum containing RPMI-1640 medium. Each one of these complexes prepared by three different commercial transfection reagents was later used to transfect different cell types cultured in 24-well plate. After 48 hr, green fluorescence was detected by fluorescence microscopy (Olympus BX51, London, UK) and flow cytometry (Partec, Nuremberg, Germany). Data analysis was performed using FloMax analysis software (Partec, Nuremberg, Germany). Untransfected cells were included to account for background fluorescence.

Result

To determine the optimum levels of transfection reagent and DNA required for transfection, different ratios were selected for each reagent based on the manufacturers’ recommendation. Thus, 2 µg and 4 µg of DNA were mixed with 4 µl and 6 µl jetPEI, respectively, 2 µg, 2 µg and 3 µg of DNA were mixed with 2 µl, 4 µl and 4 µl Lipofectamine2000, respectively and 0.5 µg, 0.75 µg and 1.25 µg of DNA were mixed with a fixed volume of 25 µl of LyoVec. The optimum ratios of DNA and transfection reagents obtained for a number of cell lines, including two of the myeloma cell lines (SP2/0 and Ag8) were found to be 2 µg/ 4 µl, 2 µg/ 2µl and 0.5 µg/ 25 µl using jetPEI, Lipofectamine2000 and LyoVec, respectively (data not presented).
Taking the optimum ratio of DNA/transfection reagent obtained for each commercial reagent in these cell lines, transfection study was carried out in myeloma cell lines and HEK293-FT as a control. Flow cytometry analysis showed transfection efficiency of 71.2%, 57% and 22.2% for HEK293-FT, 5.5%, 3.4% and 1% for SP2/0, 55.7%, 21.1% and 9.3% for NS0, 8.2%, 6% and 5.5% for NS1, 22%, 49.2% and 5.5% for Ag8 and 6.3%, 21.5% and 4.6% for P3U1 cell lines after transfection with Lipofectamine 2000, jetPEI and LyoVec reagents, respectively (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2). Our results indicate that SP2/0, NS1 and P3U1 myeloma cell lines were hardly transfected by transfection reagents. NS0 and Ag8, however, were efficiently transfected by Lipofectamine2000 and jetPEI reagents.

Discussion

Development of MAb against the native form of membrane or cytoplasmic proteins is often difficult. Immunization with crude extract of target cells results in stimulation of a large number of B cells with specificity for a variety of cellular proteins, including the target molecule, making it difficult to screen and select the desired MAb. Purification of the target molecule from a cellular lysate is also practically problematic (9). In addition, recombinant proteins may not be good immunogens because they may lose their native configuration (9). This limitation can be circumvented by using DNA immunization (10, 11), Phage display of antibody fragments (12) and peptide-based antibody production (13).
Immunization of mice with transfected murine myeloma cell lines is considered as an excellent alternative. In several studies SP2/0 myeloma cells transfected with different genes was used to express recombinant proteins, however, no data was reported regarding the transfection effeciency of the target DNA in this cell line (14 - 19).
Our preliminary efforts to transfect SP2/0 for use in MAb production was unsuccessful. We employed some physical and chemical gene transfer methods (electroporation, Lipofection and calcium phosphate) for SP2/0 transfection, but none was found to be efficient (data not presented). Similar findings have also been reported for SP2/0 transfection using a variety of commercial transfection reagents, reporting a maximum of 10 - 25% transfection efficiency (20 - 23).
Since the transfection efficiency is dependent on the cell type and transfection reagents, in the present study we evaluated the transfection efficency of three commercial reagents using five commonly used mouse myeloma cell lines. The cationic lipoplexes and polyplex have become very popular transfection reagents due to their limited toxicity, simplicity of production and relative effectiveness in vitro (24). However, their transfection efficiency is lower than that observed with viral transduction (24, 25). The HEK293-FT cell line was selected as a standard permissive cell line for its high transfection rate (20, 24). Our results indicated that 22 - 71% of HEK293-FT cell line were easily transfected by the three commercial reagents used in this study (Figure 1). However, among the five myeloma cell lines, SP2/0, NS1 and P3U1 were hardly transfected by these reagents. NS0 and Ag8 cell lines, on the other hand, were efficiently transfected by Lipofectamine2000 and jetPEI reagents (Figure 2).
It has been shown that the rate of transfection depends on several parameters, including the type of expression vector promoter and enhancer, purity of the expression vectors as well as the transfer method (3). These parameters, particularly the transfer methods, need to be optimized for individual cell type (3).
In the current study two lipoplex (Lipofectamine2000 and LyoVec) and one polyplex (jetPEI) reagents were used for transfection study. It has been shown that lipoplexes are internalized by cells solely by means of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, while polyplexes which are composed mainly of inorganic polymers, such as polyethyleneimine, are internalized both by clathrin-mediated and by caveolae mediated endocytosis.
While lipoplexes internalized via the clathrin-mediated route are fully transfection effective, for the polyplexes only the caveolae-dependent route leads to effective transfection (26). Thus, the clatherin and caveolin expression by cells could affect their transfection efficiency.
Kichler and co-workers reported a low level of luciferase expression in HepG2 cells transfected with polyplex due to lack of endogenous caveolins and demonstrated that in these cells most of the internalized DNA was degraded in intracellular compartments because of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (27).
Defect in endocytosis in myeloma cell lines may contribute to their low transfection efficency. Some studies have demonstrated differential gene e

Acknowledgement

This work was partly supported by a grant from the Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education of Iran (grant number S87P/3/414).